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This review provides an in-depth discussion on the use of advanced microscopy techniques in characterising the solid-state properties of particulate materials for orally inhaled drug products (OIDPs). The review covers the fundamental principles of the techniques, instrumentation types, data interpretation, and specific applications in relation to the product development of OIDPs. The key issues addressed are understanding how the critical quality attributes of input materials influence surface, interfacial, and particulate interactions within OIDPs. The review also highlights the importance of a material science-based approach to product development and the use of advanced analytical tools.
